India's R&D spending rose to ₹2.45 lakh crore in 2023-24 from ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2021-22 and is projected at ₹3.13 lakh crore in 2025-26. Business enterprises' share increased from 41% to 54%, while R&D intensity is projected to reach 0.9% of GDP in 2025-26.